1. INTRODUCTION:

Infrastructure less wireless network known as MANET differs from conventional infrastructured wireless networks in that MANET contains no base stations, and therefore all MANET connections are wireless. Due to limited communication range of wireless signal, node operates not only as a host but also as a router, forwarding packets for other mobile nodes in the network that may not be within direct wireless communication range of each other. MANET network are limited in small area and required feature to connect with Internet

Mobile IP can help in communication between different domains mobile host without any obstacle Although an autonomous, stand-alone mobile ad hoc network is useful in many cases, a mobile ad hoc network connected to the Internet is much more desirable. To achieve this network interconnection, gateways that understand the protocols of both the mobile ad hoc network stack and the TCP/IP suite are needed [1]. All communication between a mobile ad hoc network and the Internet must pass through the gateways. Combined approach of communication may beneficial for MANET.

In this paper framework of Internet connectivity to mobile ad hoc networks is presented using fixed and mobile Gateway. In Proposed Framework some of the Ad hoc hosts are used as fixed or mobile gateway which uses the shortest path algorithm (matrix size) for secure internet connectivity. The main objective is to provide internet connection in easiest and secure way. Some of the Ad hoc hosts are used as fixed and mobile gate way acting as bridge between infrastructure and infrastructure less network. Gateway support protocol of both networks, secure algorithm is use for source and destination node

The rest of the paper is organized as follow. Section 2 describes MANET routing protocols. Section 3 show working of Mobile IP. Section 4 discusses the previous work done in this area. Section 5 describes the proposed model of secure frame work. Section 6 concludes the paper

2. MOBILE AD HOC NETWORK (MANET):

Mobile nodes in a MANET communicate to each other without base station, without the aid of any centralized administration hence it is also known as an infrastructure less wireless network [1]. MANET employs its mobile nodes as a part of the networking system. Each node in MANET can act as an intermediate node, i.e. as a relay to forward packets of data and do routing functionality. In MANET, mobile nodes are free to move arbitrarily. It leads to an important property of MANET, which is dynamic topology.

2.1 Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid Routing Protocols in MANET

Traditional distance-vector and link-state routing protocols are proactive in that they maintain routes to all nodes, including nodes to which no packets are sent. For that reason they require periodic control messages, which lead to scarce resources such as power and link bandwidth being used more frequently for control traffic as mobility increases. Example of a proactive routing protocol is Destination Sequence Distance Vector Protocol(DSDV)[4]

Reactive routing protocols, on the other hand, operate only when there is a need of communication between two nodes. This approach allows the nodes to focus either on

routes that are being used or on routes that are in process of being set up. Examples of reactive routing protocols are Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) [3].

Both proactive and reactive routing have definite advantages and disadvantages that make them suitable for certain types of scenarios. Proactive routing protocols have their routing tables updated at all times, thus the delay before sending a packet is minimal. However, routing tables that are always updated require periodic control messages that are flooded through the whole network - an operation that consumes a lot of time, bandwidth and energy. On the other hand, reactive routing protocols determine routes between nodes only when they are explicitly needed to route packets. However, whenever there is a need for sending a packet, the mobile node must first find the route if the route is not already known. This route discovery process may result in considerable delay.

Combining the proactive and reactive approaches results in a hybrid routing protocol. A hybrid approach minimizes the disadvantages, but also the advantages of the two combined approaches. The Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) is such a hybrid reactive/ proactive routing protocol. Each mobile node proactively maintains routes within a local region (referred to as the routing zone). Mobile nodes residing outside the zone can be reached with reactive routing.

3. MOBILE IP:

In general, on the Internet, IP packets are transported from their source to their destination by allowing routers to forward data packets from incoming network interfaces to outbound network interfaces according to information obtained via routing protocols. The routing information is stored in routing tables. Typically the routing tables maintain the next-hop (outbound interface) information for each destination IP network.

The IP address of a packet normally specifies the IP client’s point of attachment to the network. Correct delivery of IP packets to a client’s point of network attachment depends on the network identifier portion contained in the client’s IP address. Unfortunately, the IP address has to change at a new point of attachment. Altering the routing of the IP packets intended for a mobile client to a new point of attachment requires a new client IP address associated with that new point of network attachment. On the other hand, to maintain existing transport protocol layer connections as the mobile client moves, the mobile client’s IP address must remain the same. In order to solve this problem, Mobile IP introduces two new functional entities within IP networks. Those are the Foreign Agent, FA and the Home Agent, HA.

These two new entities together with enhancements in the mobile node (the client) are the basic building blocks for a Mobile IP enabled network. The last entity for providing a full reference for a basic Mobile IP enabled network is the Correspondent Node, CN. The Correspondent Node is another IP entity e.g. an Internet Server with which the mobile node communicates. In the basic Mobile IP scenarios the Corresponding Node does not need to have any Mobile IP knowledge at all. This is an important distinction. To require that new devices that are introduced on the Internet to have new functionality is one thing – to require that all Internet servers and fixed clients should be upgraded is completely different. A Mobile IP enabled network requires the mobile nodes to be upgraded, it also requires new functions in the visiting and home networks; however it does not require upgrading of core Internet services. The basic entities constituting a MIP aware network are: The Mobile Node comprising the Terminal Equipment and the Mobile Termination· The Foreign Agent· The Home Agent. The Corresponding Node [5].

4. PREVIOUS WORK:

Mobile IP and MANET Integration mechanism and framework is presented by several researchers

In the paper of Jonsson [6], called MIPMANET provide Internet access to the mobile nodes by making use of Mobile IP with Foreign Agent and reverse tunneling concept. AODV protocol for routing of packets within the mobile nodes and the Foreign Agent is uses in MIPMANET. It makes use of MIPMANET Switching algorithm to decide whether a mobile node should change its Foreign Agent or not. Ratanchandani and Kravets [8], has specified a mix scheme to provide Internet connectivity to the MANET nodes, using Mobile IP. The system uses techniques such as TTL scoping of agent advertisements, eavesdropping and caching agent advertisements to combine the advantages of proactive and reactive approaches to providing connectivity. In the research paper of Tseng [9] proposal of the Integration and Implementation is based on IEEE 802.11b wireless LANs. Issues like overlapping of MANETs, dynamic adjustment of mobile agent’s service coverage’s, support of local broadcast and various communication scenarios are addressed. In research paper Habib Ammari [10], approach of integrating the MANET with Internet is based on the use of mobile Gateways. The mobile Gateways use Mobile IP when communicating with the Internet and DSDV when they interact with MANET nodes. Common Gateway Architecture [11], introduces a novel approach of having a single gateway through which the mobile nodes access the internet. The main feature of this scheme is that a single address space is used so that all the mobile nodes belonging to the MANET share the same address prefix. Integrating ad-hoc networks with MANET is a presented Shuo Ding, Arek Dadej, Steven Gordon[12] . In this paper, they analyzed the Mobile IP agent registration, routing interoperability, and smooth gateway handoff issues arising when an ad-hoc network is connected to the Internet via multiple gateways and proposed an architecture framework for supporting IP mobility and communications across the boundary between ad-hoc network and the Internet. The paper of Joe C. Chan, Doan B. Hoang [13] presented novel architecture for mobile ad-hoc systems and services (AMASS). In this paper it maximizes the synergies of MANETs and P2P for building wireless on-demand systems and services. MANETs provide dynamic physical connectivity while P2P offers dynamic associations of entities (users, devices, and services) for direct resources sharing Second, its Mobile P2P overlay unites mobility, connectivity, and services for universal communications.

5. PROPOSED SECURE FRAMEWORK:

Global connectivity of MANETS node is possible by its Integration with Mobile IP in which concept of fixed and movable Gateway is use to support the Hybrid mechanism for two different network. The gateway discovery can be done in a proactive, reactive or hybrid approach and matrix of node is used to select the gateway shortest path or one node away concept is use for gateway selection. The gateway switching mechanisms can be different.

Fig.1 Framework of Mobile IP and MANET Integration

As shown in Fig. 1 MANET nodes access Internet source through fixed and mobile dynamic gateway. Dynamic gateway is one of MANET node which act as gateway when one hope away from foreign agent. Shortest path technique which is implemented on the bases of hope count is applied for gateway selection, dynamic gateway is only possible when it integrate with foreign agent due to limited transmission range it create problem in this situation fixed gateway is use for communication which save data loss.

6. CONCLUSION:

The Framework related to MANETS and Mobile IP integration are suggested that better result of integration is achieved by proper implementation of Gateway. Dynamic mobile gateway is one of MANET node so it frequently change and its integration of Foreign agent is loss so path of both gateway provide batter result compare to single Gateway technique.

7. REFERENCES:

[1] Perkin and H. Lei, “ Ad hoc Networking with Mobile IP,” Second European Personal Mobile Communication Conference, pp. 197–202, October 1997.

[2] D.P. Agrawal, Qing An Zing “Introduction to Wireless and Mobile Systems”, Thomson Publication 2003.

[3] Perkins C.; Belding-Royer E.M.; Das S. Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector AODV) Routing, IETF Internet Draft, Jan 2002.Work in progress.

[4]C.E. Perkins and P. Bhagwat, “Highly Dynamic Destination Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing(DSDV) for Mobile Computers”, comp. Comun. Rev . Oct. 1994,

[5] [RFC2002] Perkins, C., E., “(ed.) “IP Mobility Support”, RFC2002, proposed standard. IETF Mobile IP Working Group, Oct., 1996.

[6] U. Jonsson et al., “MIPMANET — Mobile IP for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks,” Proc. 1st Wksp. Mobile Ad hoc Network and Computing (MobiHOC’00), Boston, Massachusetts, Aug. 2000, pp. 75–85.

[7] E.M. Royer, C-K. Toh,“A Review of Current Routing Protocols for adhoc Mobile wireless Networks”, IEEE Personal Communications Magazine, April 1999, pp 46-55.

[8] Erik Nordstrom, P Gunningberg, C Tschudin, Design of Internet Connectivity for Mobile ad hoc Networks, Uppsala University.

[9] Y. Sun, E.M. Belding-Royer, C.E. Perkins, “Internet Connectivity for ad hoc Mobile Networks”, International Journal of Wireless Information Networks, Special Issue on Mobile ad hoc Networks(MANETs): Standards, Research, Applications, April 2002, pp 75-88.

[10] Khaleel Ur Rahman Khan, Rafi U Zaman, A.Venugopal Reddy, “Integrating Mobile ad hoc Networks and the Internet: challenges and a review of strategies”,Proceedings of IEEE/CREATE-NET/ICST COMSWARE 2008, January 2008.

[11] C.E. Perkins, “Mobile Networking Through Mobile IP”, IEEE Internet Computing, Vol. 2, Issue 1, January 1998.

[12] Shuo Ding, Arek Dadej, Steven Gordon Internet Integrated MANETs using Mobile IP Institute for Telecommunication ResearchUniversity of South Australia

[13] Joe C. Chan, Doan B. Hoang Service Architecture for Integrating MANETs with Heterogeneous IP Networks University of Technology, Sydney(UTS)

Received on 31.05.2014 Accepted on 12.06.2014

Research J. Engineering and Tech. 5(2): April- June 2014 page 89-92